ABSTRACT
Objetivo. El Autoconcepto, la autoeficacia y la calidad de vida son variables que pueden verse afectadas en los niños/as por la presencia de un déficit de procesamiento sensorial (DPS). Este déficit se caracteriza por fallas en el procesamiento de las sensaciones que pueden ocasionar dificultades en el desempeño cotidiano. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar si existe diferencia en el autoconcepto, la autoeficacia y la calidad de vida de niños/as venezolanos/as entre 7 y 13 años con y sin DPS.Metodología. El presente es un estudio transversal, con diseño estadístico no experimental de comparación de medias mediante el estadístico t de Student. La muestra estuvo constituida por 98 niños/as de 7 a 13 años, de los cuales 38 (38,8%) estaban diagnosticados con déficit de procesamiento sensorial y 60 (61,2%) sin déficit. Resultados. Se evidenció que existen diferencias significativas en la autoeficacia académica, donde los niños/as con DPS mostraron puntajes medios menores; así como en el autoconcepto físico, donde los puntajes fueron menores en niños/as sin déficit. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la calidad de vida de las dos muestras. Esta investigación permitió abrir una línea de investigación en el área de variables psicológicas que han sido poco estudiadas en niños/as con DPS, demostrando que esta condición impacta principalmente su percepción de autoeficacia.
Objective. Self-concept, self-efficacy and quality of life are variables that can be affected in children by the presence of a sensory processing deficit (DPS). This deficit is characterized by failures in the processing of sensations that can cause difficulties in daily performance. The objective of this study is to determine whether or not there is a significant difference in the self-concept, self-efficacy and quality of life of Venezuelan children between 7 and 13 years old with and without Sensory Processing Difficulties (SPD). Methodology. This is a cross-sectional study, with a non-experimental statistical design of comparison of means using the student's t-statistic. The sample consisted of 98 children from 7 to 13 years old, of whom 38 (38.8%) were diagnosed with sensory integration deficit and 60 (61.2%) without deficit. Results. There was evidence of significant differences in academic self-efficacy, where children with SPD showed lower mean scores; as well as in physical self-concept, where children without SPD attained lower scores. No significant differences were found in the quality of life of the samples. This study contributes to a line research in psychological variables that have been little studied in children with sensorial integration deficit, demonstrating that this condition mainly impacts their perception of self-efficacy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Quality of Life , Self Concept , Sensation/physiology , Sensation Disorders/physiopathology , Self Efficacy , Perception , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Language development is a complex process that may be considered as an evolutionay trait in human beings; it is possible to undetstand said process by evaluating the contribution of sensory systems and the events that frame critical periods of development. Objective: To conduct a literature on how auditory, visual and proprioceptive information integration occurs in language development, as well as the role of social interaction in this process. Materals and methods: The MeSH terms "Language Development"; "Visual Perception"; "Hearing"; and "Proprioception" were used, limiting the main search to articles written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The databases consulted were Medline and EMBASE. Results: Auditory information is the first sensory stimulus to consider because, during the first year of life, the infant recognizes and discriminates environmental signals that correspond to language, followed by a peak in its acquisition and, subsequently, by a stage of maximum linguistic discrimination. Visual information allows correlating language with images since it acts as the substrate for the designation and understanding of words, as well as for interpretation and imitation of the emotional component in gesticulation. Proprioceptive information provides feedback on motor performance patterns used in language production. Conclusion: This perspective offers new points of view for treating and managing deviations in language development.
Resumen Introducción. El desarrollo del lenguaje es un proceso complejo considerado como marcador evolutivo del ser humano y puede ser comprendido a partir de la contribución de los sistemas sensoriales y de los eventos que ocurren en periodos críticos del desarrollo. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de cómo se da la integración de la información auditiva, visual y propioceptiva y cómo se refleja en el desarrollo del lenguaje, destacando el papel de la interacción social como contexto que favorece este proceso. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los términos MeSH "Language Development"; "Visual Perception"; "Hearing"; y "Proprioception en las bases de datos MEDLINE y Embase, limitando la búsqueda principal a artículos escritos en inglés, español y portugués. Resultados. El punto de partida lo constituye la información auditiva, la cual, en el primer año de vida, permite la discriminación de los elementos del ambiente que corresponden al lenguaje; luego un pico en su adquisición y posteriormente una etapa de máxima discriminación lingüística. La información visual proporciona la correspondencia del lenguaje en imágenes, sustrato de nominación y comprensión de palabras, además de la interpretación e imitación del componente emocional en la gesticulación. La información propioceptiva ofrece la retroalimentación de los patrones de ejecución motora empleados en la producción del lenguaje. Conclusión. El estudio del desarrollo lenguaje desde la integración sensorial ofrece nuevas perspectivas para el abordaje e intervención de sus desviaciones.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate how the constancy of intermittent exotropia affects postoperative motor and sensory outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 44 patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT group) and 16 patients with constant exotropia with a previous history of intermittent exotropia (CXT group). All patients were followed up for more than 1 year postoperatively. Successful postoperative motor alignment was defined as within 8 prism diopters of exo- or esotropia at 6 meters and 33 centimeters. Successful sensory outcome (bifixation) was considered as stereoacuity < or =60 seconds of arc. The influence of constancy, age at surgery, duration of strabismus, preoperative gross stereopsis, preoperative distant deviation, and preoperative distant fusion to surgical outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery and follow-up periods was 9.34 years and 37.8 months in the IXT group, and 10.19 years and 45.7 months in the CXT group. Successful motor alignment rates of the IXT and CXT groups were 65.9% and 48.3%, respectively. Postoperative bifixation rates of the IXT and CXT groups were 70.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The IXT group showed significantly better successful sensory outcome (p = 0.000), but no significant difference in motor outcome (p = 0.121). Constancy and preoperative distant fusion were associated with post-operative bifixation in univariate regression analysis (p = 0.001, 0.025, respectively). However, only the constancy was strongly associated with successful sensory outcome in multivariate regression analysis with an odds ratio of 20.138 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical correction of intermittent exotropia during the intermittent period showed better sensory outcome than in constant deviation period.